Consultation and treatment for respiratory issues such as bronchial asthma, bronchitis, chronic cough, breathing problems, and lung infections, which require minimal monitoring and are mainly treated on an outpatient basis.

• Immediate treatment and airway protection for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), such as poorly ventilated lungs secondary to infection, fluid overload, emphysema, and other causes.
• Removal of foreign body lodged in the airway.

1. Diagnostic Interventions
   • Rigid Bronchoscopy and Flexible Bronchoscopy Insertion of a flexible tube with a camera through the nose or mouth to explore the upper and lower airway. Some procedures may require a rigid tube with a camera.
   • Pleuroscopy A flexible tube is inserted into the chest wall to examine the space between the lung and the chest wall (pleural space).
   • Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) A specialised scope with an ultrasound probe is inserted through the mouth to detect abnormal lymph nodes or growths in the airway system.
2. Treatment Interventions
   • Airway Stenting Insertion and placement of a metal mesh to retain and open a narrowed or blocked airway caused by abnormal growth or cancer.
   • Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Insertion of a one-way valve (endobronchial valve) in patients with over-inflated lungs (emphysema) to reduce lung volume.
   • Bronchoscopic Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) A highly specialised procedure that uses ionised argon gas and electrical current to destroy affected lung tissue (cauterisation).
   • Bronchoscopic Thermal Vapour Ablation (BTVA) A procedure that uses heated water vapour on affected lung tissue, leading to scarring (fibrosis) and collapse of the lung (atelectasis), and allowing healthy lung tissue to expand.
   • Cryotherapy / Cryoablation Using rapid freezing technology via bronchoscope, this procedure can shrink cancer growth, relieve breathlessness, or destroy cancerous cells.
   • Indwelling Pleural Catheters Insertion of a flexible tube into the chest wall to drain fluid between the chest wall and lungs.

• A comprehensive study that includes brain wave activity (electroencephalogram), eye movement (electrooculography), muscle activity (electromyography), heart activity (electrocardiogram), and blood oxygen levels.

• A low-dose CT scan can identify lung cancer even at an early stage. If an abnormality is found, doctors may proceed with obtaining a tissue sample for diagnosis through bronchoscopy, endobronchial ultrasound with sampling, mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy, or VATS (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery).
• Surgical removal of the tumour. If the cancer is larger or has reached the lymph nodes, doctors may recommend adding chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy after surgery.
• Types of lung surgery include lobectomy, pneumonectomy, segmentectomy, and wedge resection.

1. Interstitial Lung Disease

   This is a condition that causes inflammation and progressive scarring of lung tissue.

2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

   COPD is a long-term lung disease that happens when the lungs become damaged. This damage causes the airways to become swollen and irritated, making it harder for air to move in and out of the lungs.

3. Tuberculosis

   Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious illness caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually affects the lungs but can also affect other areas of the body.

4. Occupational Lung Disease

   A wide range of breathing problems that develop or worsen due to inhaling dust, chemicals, fumes, gases, or other harmful substances at work. These conditions remain among the most frequent job-related health issues, and most of them can be prevented. Common types include pneumoconiosis, work-related asthma, pneumonitis, and COPD.

5. Pulmonary Rehabilitation

   A structured program that includes guided exercise, education and emotional support to help individuals with long-term lung conditions (e.g., COPD) improve their daily functioning and overall well-being.

6. Smoking Cessation

   Patients will have follow-up sessions with a smoking cessation pharmacist throughout the course of treatment. Treatment and therapy options may include nicotine replacement therapy in the form of chewable gum or patches.

7. Allergies

   Allergies occur when the body's immune system reacts to a substance (known as an allergen), causing a range of symptoms from mild itching to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. Allergens can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. The following tests may be necessary:

   • Allergy Skin Test
   • Blood Test